Effect Of Short Term Aerobic Exercise (Football Training) On Lipid Profile And Myoglobin Levels In Apparently Healthy Students Of College Of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
Vol. 6 No. 01 (2018)
Medical Sciences and Pharmacy
January 18, 2018
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This study investigated the effect of short term aerobic exercise on lipid profile and myoglobin levels in apparently healthy students of College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. A total of 60 apparently healthy young students aged between 18-40 years were randomly selected for the study. They were rested for a period of two weeks after which they were subjected to football exercise for 30 minutes (3 times) in a week for a period of 3 weeks. The demographic and anthropometric data of subjects were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Their blood pressures reading were obtained also. Thereafter, 5mls of baseline (day 0) and post-exercise (day 21) blood samples were collected from each subject before the commencement and at the end of the exercise on the last day of the training into a plain container for estimation of biochemical parameters (TG, TC, LDL, HDL, Myoglobin levels) respectively using standard methods. Data obtained were statistically analysed by unpaired student t-test and Pearson r correlation. The result showed that the mean serum levels of TG (1.41±0.60 vs 1.04±0.43) TC (5.22±0.98 vs 4.41± 0.90), LDL (3.92±0.99 vs 3.36±0.92) as well as myoglobin (16.04± 4.64 vs 13.38±5.21) and DBP (75.16±10.54 vs 68.59±8.57) were significantly decreased, whereas, there was a significant increase in the mean serum level of HDL (0.83± 0.30 vs 0.95±0.28) and SBP (114.69±9.21 vs 131.48±12.84) in subjects after exercise when compared to before exercise (p<0.05). However, the mean BMI of the subjects remained the same before and after exercise (p>0.05). Therefore, short term moderate intensity aerobic exercise could be of importance in prevention and management of cardiovascular disease
Effect Of Short Term Aerobic Exercise (Football Training) On Lipid Profile And Myoglobin Levels In Apparently Healthy Students Of College Of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. (2018). International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 6(01), MP-2018. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i1.mp03
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4. Benjamin, E. J., Larson, M. G., Keyes, M. J. (2004). “Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation; 109(5): 613-619.
5. Blair, S.N. (2009). Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21St century. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 43: 1-2.
6. Blair, S.N., Morris, J.N. (2009). Healthy hearts—and the universal benefits of being physically active: physical activity and health. Annuals of Epidemiology;19:253–256.
7. Brooks, G.A., Fahey, T.D., Baldwin, K.M., editors. Human bioenergetics and its applications. In: Exercise physiology. 4thEd. Mc Graw Hill; New York;2005.p.122-125.
8. Burstein, M., Scholnick, H.R., Morfin, R. (1980). Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from serum by precipitation with polyanions. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation; 40: 583-595.
9. Charkoudian, N., Joyner, M.J., Barnes, S.A., Johnson, C.P., Eisenach, J.H., Dietz, N.M., Wallin, B.G. (2006). Relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and systemic hemodynamics during nitric oxide synthase inhibition in humans. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology; 291:H1378–H1383.
10. Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R. (2003). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension; 42(6): 1206-1252.
11. Choudhary, S., Kumar, J., Choudhary, K., Soni, N.D. (2015). Effect of Aerobic exercise on respiratory parameters in untrained and trained subjects. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management; 3(2): 2090-2096.
12. Clarkson, P., Montgomery, H. E., Mullen, M. J. (1999).“Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 33(5): 1379–1385.
13. Davy, K.P., Miniclier, N.L., Taylor, J.A., Stevenson, E.T., Seals, D.R. (1996). Elevated heart rate variability in physically active postmenopausal women: a cardioprotective effect? American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology; 271:H455–H460.
14. De Vos, N., Singh, N., Ross, D., Stavrinos, T. (2005).Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults. The Journal of Gerontology; 60A (5): 638-647.
15. DeSouza, C.A., Shapiro, L.F., Clevenger, C.M., Dinenno, F.A., Monahan, K.D., Tanaka. H., Seals, D.R. (2000). Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation;102:1351–1357.
16. Durstinea, J.L., Gordona, B., Wangb, Z., Luob, X. (2013). Chronic disease and the link to physical activity. Journal of Sport and Health Science; 2(1): 3–11.
17. Gielen, S., Erbs, S., Linke, A., Möbius-Winkler, S., Schuler, G., Hambrecht, R. (2003). “Home-based versus hospital-based exercise programs in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on coronary vasomotion,” American heart journal; 145(1): E3.
18. Hambrecht, R., Fiehn, E., Weigl, C. (1998). “Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure,” Circulation; 98(24): 2709–2715.
19. Hambrecht, R., Hilbrich, L., Erbs, S. (2000). “Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 35 (3)706–713.
20. Higashi, Y., Sasaki, S., Kurisu, S. (1999). “Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide,” Circulation; 100(11): 1194–1202.
21. Hollmann, W., Strüder, H. K., Tagarakis, C. V., King, G. (2007). Physical activity and the elderly. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation; 14, 730–739.
22. Jourkesh, M., Sadri, I., Ojagi, A., Sharanavard, A. (2011). Determination of fitness level in male and female college aged students. Archives of Applied Science Research; 3 (2): 326-333.
23. Kelley, G.A., Kelley, K.S., Vu Tran, Z. (2005). Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders; 29(8):881–893.
24. Kelley, G.A., Kelley, K.S., Vu Tran, Z. (2005). Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders; 29(8):881–893.
25. Lamb, E.J., Tomson, C.R., Roderick, P.J. (2005). Estimating kidney function in adults using formulae. Annal Clinical Biochemistry; 42:321-345.
26. Lavrenčič, A., Salobir, B. G., Keber, I. (2000). “Physical training improves flow-mediated dilation in patients with the polymetabolic syndrome,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology; 20(2): 551–555.
27. Levine, Robert, J. (2006). Some Recent DevelSopments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 918: 170–178.
28. Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., Cheetham, C. (2001). “The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 38( 3): 860–866.
29. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., Katch, V.L. (2006). Essentials of exercise physiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 204.
30. McDonald, R., Keen, C. L. (1988). Iron, zinc and magnesium nutrition and athletic performance. Sports Medicine; 5:171-184.
31. Meludu, S.C., Asomugha, L., Dioka, E.C., Osuji, C., Agbasi, A.C., Ifeanyichukwu, M., Oluboyo, O.A. (2005). Exercise Performance In Relation To Glucose Drink and Their Effect on Some Biochemical Parameters. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences; 20 (1-2): 43-47.
32. Nevell, M.E., Boobies, L.H., Brook, S., Williams, C. (1989). Effects of training on muscle metabolism drug treadmill sprinting. Journal of Applied Physiology; 67:2376-2382.
33. O’Connor, D., Crowe, M., Spinks, W. (2006). Effects of static stretching on leg power during cycling. Turin ; 46(1): 52-56.
34. O’Keefe, J.H., Vogel, R., Lavie, C.J., Cordain, L. (2010). Organic fitness: Physical activity consistent with our hunter-gatherer heritage. The Physician and Sports Medicine; 4(38): 1-8.
35. Penedo, F.J., Dahn, J.R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatry; 18(2): 189-193.
36. Plowman, S.A., Smith, D.L. (2007). Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 61.
37. Rayssiguier, Y., Guezennecc, C. Y., Durlach, J. (1990). New experimental and clinical data on the relationship between magnesium and sport. Magnesium Research; 3:93-102.
38. Roeschlau, P., Bernt, E., Gruber, J.W. (1974). Enzymatic procedure for cholesterol determination. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry; 12:403.
39. Saranchak, H. J., Bernstein, S. H. (1974). A new diagnostic test for acute myocardial infarction: The detection of myoglobinuria by radioimmunodiffusion assay. Journal of American Medical Association; 228:1251.
40. Sattelmair, J. R., Pertman, J. H., Forman, D. E. (2009). Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes in older adults. Clinical Geriatric Medicine; 25: 677–702.
41. Snežana, Bošnjak. (2001). the declaration of Helsinki: The cornerstone of research ethics. Archive of Oncology; 9 (3): 179–84.
42. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (2002). “Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report,” Circulation; 106: 3143–3121.
43. Tietz, N.W., Saunders, W.B. and Co. (1990). Clinical guide to Laboratory Tests. 3rd Edition; 91.
44. Traynor, J., Mactier, R., Geddes, C.C. (2006). How to measure renal function in clinical practice. British Medical Journal;333: 733-737.
45. Ugwuja, S.E., Obeagu, E.I., Ochei, K.C. (2014). Effect of physical exercises on serum electrolyte. Journal of Dental and Medical Science; 13:118-121.
46. Vona, M., Rossi, A., Capodaglio, P. (2004). “Impact of physical training and detraining on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction,” American Heart Journal; 147 (6):1039–1046.
47. Wilmore, J., Knuttgen, H. (2003). Aerobic exercise and endurance improving fitness for health benefits. The physician and sports medicine; 31(5):45.
48. Wilmore, J., Knuttgen, H. (2003). Aerobic exercise and endurance improving fitness for health benefits. The physician and sports medicine; 31(5):45.
49. Wilt, T.J., Bloomfield, H.E., MacDonald, R., Nelson, D., Rutks, I., Ho, M., Larsen, G., McCall, A., Pineros, S., Sales, A. (2004). Effectiveness of statin therapy in adults with coronary heart disease. Archive of International Medicine;164:1427–1436
2. Baydil B. (2013). Serum macro-micro element response to acute maximal physical exercise. World Applied Scientific Journal;2:945-249.
3. Benedict, C.R., Shelton, B., Johnstone, D.E., Francis, G., Greenberg, B., Konstam, M., Probstfield, J.L., Yusuf, S. (1996). Prognostic significance of plasma norepinephrine in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation; 94:690–697.
4. Benjamin, E. J., Larson, M. G., Keyes, M. J. (2004). “Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study,” Circulation; 109(5): 613-619.
5. Blair, S.N. (2009). Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21St century. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 43: 1-2.
6. Blair, S.N., Morris, J.N. (2009). Healthy hearts—and the universal benefits of being physically active: physical activity and health. Annuals of Epidemiology;19:253–256.
7. Brooks, G.A., Fahey, T.D., Baldwin, K.M., editors. Human bioenergetics and its applications. In: Exercise physiology. 4thEd. Mc Graw Hill; New York;2005.p.122-125.
8. Burstein, M., Scholnick, H.R., Morfin, R. (1980). Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from serum by precipitation with polyanions. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation; 40: 583-595.
9. Charkoudian, N., Joyner, M.J., Barnes, S.A., Johnson, C.P., Eisenach, J.H., Dietz, N.M., Wallin, B.G. (2006). Relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and systemic hemodynamics during nitric oxide synthase inhibition in humans. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology; 291:H1378–H1383.
10. Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R. (2003). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension; 42(6): 1206-1252.
11. Choudhary, S., Kumar, J., Choudhary, K., Soni, N.D. (2015). Effect of Aerobic exercise on respiratory parameters in untrained and trained subjects. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management; 3(2): 2090-2096.
12. Clarkson, P., Montgomery, H. E., Mullen, M. J. (1999).“Exercise training enhances endothelial function in young men,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 33(5): 1379–1385.
13. Davy, K.P., Miniclier, N.L., Taylor, J.A., Stevenson, E.T., Seals, D.R. (1996). Elevated heart rate variability in physically active postmenopausal women: a cardioprotective effect? American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulation Physiology; 271:H455–H460.
14. De Vos, N., Singh, N., Ross, D., Stavrinos, T. (2005).Optimal load for increasing muscle power during explosive resistance training in older adults. The Journal of Gerontology; 60A (5): 638-647.
15. DeSouza, C.A., Shapiro, L.F., Clevenger, C.M., Dinenno, F.A., Monahan, K.D., Tanaka. H., Seals, D.R. (2000). Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy men. Circulation;102:1351–1357.
16. Durstinea, J.L., Gordona, B., Wangb, Z., Luob, X. (2013). Chronic disease and the link to physical activity. Journal of Sport and Health Science; 2(1): 3–11.
17. Gielen, S., Erbs, S., Linke, A., Möbius-Winkler, S., Schuler, G., Hambrecht, R. (2003). “Home-based versus hospital-based exercise programs in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on coronary vasomotion,” American heart journal; 145(1): E3.
18. Hambrecht, R., Fiehn, E., Weigl, C. (1998). “Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure,” Circulation; 98(24): 2709–2715.
19. Hambrecht, R., Hilbrich, L., Erbs, S. (2000). “Correction of endothelial dysfunction in chronic heart failure: additional effects of exercise training and oral L-arginine supplementation,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 35 (3)706–713.
20. Higashi, Y., Sasaki, S., Kurisu, S. (1999). “Regular aerobic exercise augments endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in normotensive as well as hypertensive subjects: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide,” Circulation; 100(11): 1194–1202.
21. Hollmann, W., Strüder, H. K., Tagarakis, C. V., King, G. (2007). Physical activity and the elderly. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation; 14, 730–739.
22. Jourkesh, M., Sadri, I., Ojagi, A., Sharanavard, A. (2011). Determination of fitness level in male and female college aged students. Archives of Applied Science Research; 3 (2): 326-333.
23. Kelley, G.A., Kelley, K.S., Vu Tran, Z. (2005). Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders; 29(8):881–893.
24. Kelley, G.A., Kelley, K.S., Vu Tran, Z. (2005). Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders; 29(8):881–893.
25. Lamb, E.J., Tomson, C.R., Roderick, P.J. (2005). Estimating kidney function in adults using formulae. Annal Clinical Biochemistry; 42:321-345.
26. Lavrenčič, A., Salobir, B. G., Keber, I. (2000). “Physical training improves flow-mediated dilation in patients with the polymetabolic syndrome,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology; 20(2): 551–555.
27. Levine, Robert, J. (2006). Some Recent DevelSopments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 918: 170–178.
28. Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., Cheetham, C. (2001). “The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 38( 3): 860–866.
29. McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., Katch, V.L. (2006). Essentials of exercise physiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 204.
30. McDonald, R., Keen, C. L. (1988). Iron, zinc and magnesium nutrition and athletic performance. Sports Medicine; 5:171-184.
31. Meludu, S.C., Asomugha, L., Dioka, E.C., Osuji, C., Agbasi, A.C., Ifeanyichukwu, M., Oluboyo, O.A. (2005). Exercise Performance In Relation To Glucose Drink and Their Effect on Some Biochemical Parameters. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences; 20 (1-2): 43-47.
32. Nevell, M.E., Boobies, L.H., Brook, S., Williams, C. (1989). Effects of training on muscle metabolism drug treadmill sprinting. Journal of Applied Physiology; 67:2376-2382.
33. O’Connor, D., Crowe, M., Spinks, W. (2006). Effects of static stretching on leg power during cycling. Turin ; 46(1): 52-56.
34. O’Keefe, J.H., Vogel, R., Lavie, C.J., Cordain, L. (2010). Organic fitness: Physical activity consistent with our hunter-gatherer heritage. The Physician and Sports Medicine; 4(38): 1-8.
35. Penedo, F.J., Dahn, J.R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatry; 18(2): 189-193.
36. Plowman, S.A., Smith, D.L. (2007). Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 61.
37. Rayssiguier, Y., Guezennecc, C. Y., Durlach, J. (1990). New experimental and clinical data on the relationship between magnesium and sport. Magnesium Research; 3:93-102.
38. Roeschlau, P., Bernt, E., Gruber, J.W. (1974). Enzymatic procedure for cholesterol determination. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry; 12:403.
39. Saranchak, H. J., Bernstein, S. H. (1974). A new diagnostic test for acute myocardial infarction: The detection of myoglobinuria by radioimmunodiffusion assay. Journal of American Medical Association; 228:1251.
40. Sattelmair, J. R., Pertman, J. H., Forman, D. E. (2009). Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes in older adults. Clinical Geriatric Medicine; 25: 677–702.
41. Snežana, Bošnjak. (2001). the declaration of Helsinki: The cornerstone of research ethics. Archive of Oncology; 9 (3): 179–84.
42. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (2002). “Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report,” Circulation; 106: 3143–3121.
43. Tietz, N.W., Saunders, W.B. and Co. (1990). Clinical guide to Laboratory Tests. 3rd Edition; 91.
44. Traynor, J., Mactier, R., Geddes, C.C. (2006). How to measure renal function in clinical practice. British Medical Journal;333: 733-737.
45. Ugwuja, S.E., Obeagu, E.I., Ochei, K.C. (2014). Effect of physical exercises on serum electrolyte. Journal of Dental and Medical Science; 13:118-121.
46. Vona, M., Rossi, A., Capodaglio, P. (2004). “Impact of physical training and detraining on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction,” American Heart Journal; 147 (6):1039–1046.
47. Wilmore, J., Knuttgen, H. (2003). Aerobic exercise and endurance improving fitness for health benefits. The physician and sports medicine; 31(5):45.
48. Wilmore, J., Knuttgen, H. (2003). Aerobic exercise and endurance improving fitness for health benefits. The physician and sports medicine; 31(5):45.
49. Wilt, T.J., Bloomfield, H.E., MacDonald, R., Nelson, D., Rutks, I., Ho, M., Larsen, G., McCall, A., Pineros, S., Sales, A. (2004). Effectiveness of statin therapy in adults with coronary heart disease. Archive of International Medicine;164:1427–1436
