The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the policy of structuring and equalization of civil servant teachers in public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh City. This research uses Stake's Countenance evaluation model which consists of antecedent, transaction, and outcome. The results of this study indicate that the policy of structuring and equalization of teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh has not been implemented in accordance with the expectations, which shows that there are advantages and disadvantages of teachers in almost every school on a particular subject, and these have impacts on the fulfillment of needs and the enhanchement of teachers' competence.
The policy on structuring and equalization of civil servant teachers, which is stated in the Five Ministerial Joint Regulations,is based on considerations to ensure equal distribution of teachers between education units, between levels, between types of education, between districts/cities and/or between provinces in an effort to nationally realize the improvement and equalization of the quality of formal education as well as to support the achievement of national education objectives. In line with education policy, Scott Ellison (
authorities and responsibilities of provincial and district governments, monitoring and evaluation, guidance and supervision, funding, reporting, and sanctions.
In general, evaluating the implementation of policy on structuring and equalization of civil servant teachers is needed to assess the efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of the policies that have been implemented. Furthermore, Mthethwa (
From the description above, a comprehensive review of the initial conditions of policy implementation, policy implementation process, as well as the results of the policy implementation of structuring and equalization of civil servant teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh City is required. This study was conducted as a form of evaluation of policy implementation in supporting the improvement of education quality, especially the improvement of teachers' quality in public SMA and SMK in the Province of Aceh, especially in Banda Aceh.
The general objective of this study is to know the implementation of structuring and equalization policy of civil servant teachers in public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh. Using the Stake's Countenance evaluation modelin particular, the research aimed to explain the implementation of policy in three phases namely: (
Evaluation is the process of determining the value for a thing or object which is based on certain references to specify a particular purpose. Suharsimi (
To understand further, the meaning of evaluation isa series of activities comparing the realization of inputs and outcomes towards plans and standards. Evaluation is an activity that assesses the results obtained during monitoring activities that take place. Evaluation also assesses the results or products that have been generated from a series of programs as a basis for making decisions about the level of success that has been achieved and the subsequent action required.
Evaluation as a process determines the outcomes that some activities have accomplished to support the achievement of goals. Suharsimi Arikunto and Cepi Safrudin Abdullah Jabar (
Evaluation by Guba & Lincoln (
Furthermore, Robert E. Stake (
From the above definition, it is implicitly seen that there are criteria used to determine the value and the existence of things assessed, as well as criteria.The intended criteria are the success criteria for program implementation and things assessed can be impacts or results achieved, or the procedure itself.There are two concepts contained in this statement,namely the effectiveness which is the ratio between its output and input,and the concept of efficiency that is the level of utilization of inputs that produce output through the process.
A policy is an interpretation of the political priorities and principles of government in the form of programs and actions to provide the desired changes. A policy is meant to give signals to a particular society, but the signal is not complete yet. For example, "policy" may relate to the principles and priorities adopted by the governmentin relation to a problem, but the policy has not been translated into action. In this case, not all policies can explain how steps or efforts can lead to a change. In a different perspective, Kay 2006) presents an explanation of the following policy concepts. Policy is about choice: the choice of objectives; the choice of reasons for (in)action; the choice of policy instruments; the choice of how to respond to the consequences of policy outputs. These choices, their consequences and subsequent choices unfold in a temporal process in which uncertainty is a defining feature.Based on the above explanation, policy concerning choices which arechoice of objectives, choice of reasons for determining an action, choice of policy instruments, choice of how to respond to the consequences of policy output. These choices have consequences for the next option. This choice will continue to grow in a process, where uncertainty will be a key feature in making choices in a policy.
In a later explanation, Kay 2006) suggests the meaning of choice and purpose contained in the following understanding: definitions of policy in terms of choice, or an action calculated to achieve a desired objective, or the purposeful connecting of ends with means are premised on a 'classical view' of policy as the result of a rational process: 'the model of policy making in the rationality project is a production model, where policy is created in a fairly ordered sequence of stages, almost as if on an assembly line.The definition of policy as an option or action is taken into account to achieve the desired objectives. Policy is the goal that leads to the end result, according to the classical view that policy is the result of a rational process. The policy-making model in process rationality refers to the production model, where policy is made in the order of activities like a series of processes.
A review of the various evaluation models is required to help the evaluator identify the conceptual basis in selecting the appropriate model. There are many approaches and models that can be used in policy evaluation. Vedung in Araral Jr. (
Evaluation Model Used by Stake's Countenance
The evaluation model used in this study is the Stake's Countenance Model developed by Robert E. Stake. This model is considered sufficient to assess a process of program implementation or policy implementation.Stake (accessed
According to Stake, this evaluation model includes (
Furthermore Stake (accessed 2016) argues that Stake used antecedents, transactions, and outcomes as core concepts to structure his view of what should be done in describing and judging a program. He called for documenting a program's intents and observations - that is, its intended and observed antecedents, transactions, and outcomes.
Stake's evaluation model uses antecedents, transactions, and results as the core concept structurein his view of what should be done to explain and assess the program or policy. Assessment of core concepts is done through documentation of expectations (intents) and observations ie.expectations and observations about antecedents, transactions, and results.
Associated with the above three phases Stake (accessed 2016) presents the following explanation For operating the program, there will be many provisions or condition or contexts, each capable of being judged as to quality. I called these background conditions and inputs antecedents. Some are antecedents for which the program staff is responsible, some not. In many evaluations studies, we should gather data about intentions, the quality, and perceived of some of those antecedents.In operating the program or policy implementation, there will be many terms or conditions or contexts, each of which can be used to assess the quality of a program or policy. This is called a background condition and an antecedent input. Some antecedents of the program are responsible, but some are not.In many evaluation studies, data on the objectives, quality, and perceptions of some antecedents should be collected.
Stake (accessed 2016) argues We should gather similar cata about program activities, operations, functions, processes. I called transactions. Sometime the best data we can find are the data about the process. Sometimes we contract to carry out a "process evaluations". It may happen because the report is due before outcome data will be available. Or it may because the important thing for staff and stakeholders to be told is that program delivered.In evaluation practice the same data about program activities, operations, functions, and processes should be collected. This is called the transaction phase. Sometimes the best data to be found is data about the process. Sometimes "process evaluation" is done specifically. This may happen before the results data report is available. Or because it is important for the implementers and stakeholders to get information about the program being implemented.
Further Stake (accessed 2016) suggests that in the real world, the program delivered is not exactly the one promise. It had to be changed, and the changes may make it much better. We should evaluate theprogram that the organization now has in place, is quality to be discovered. The usual interest is in what is has accomplished, its impact, its outcomes. And usually we will thing and investing the greater share of evaluation budget in gathering outcome data. But often we will obtain many antecedent, transaction, an outcome.
In reality, the program or policy that is delivered is not always exactly like what is promised. This should be changed, and the change may be much better. Evaluation of programs owned by the organization is required to know the quality. The common interest in this regard is what has been achieved, impact, or outcomes.It usually takes more effort and budget than the evaluation budget in the process of collecting data on outcomes.But oftentimes there willbe many things about antecedent, transaction and outcome.In this case Stake (accessed 2016) argues that the information required in this evaluation model includes rational, antecedent, transaction and outcome.Rationale shows background as well as the basic purpose of a program or policy. Antecedents, transactions and outcomes are equivalent to inputs, processes and products. Information is arranged in the form of a description and judgment matrix.To fill in the matrix, the evaluator may collect considerations from the users of the evaluation results. Data descriptions are classified into intent (expected destination) and observational circumstances. The judgment statement is classified in conditions that meet specific standards and specific judgmentson each element of the program or policy being evaluated.
In general, Stake's Countenance model can be described in the following matrix form
Furthermore Guba and Lincoln (
Consideration matrix consist of standard categories and judgments categories as well as inputs, processes, and outcomes. Standard is a criterion that must be fulfilled by a program or policy implementation. Standards can be developed based on policy characteristics, and it can also be developed from other standards. The second category is the assessment, the evaluator makes an assessment of what has been done or what has been achieved.
According to Stake (accessed 2016)there are two principal ways of processing descriptive evaluation data: finding the contingencies among antecedents, transactions, and outcomes and finding the congruence between intents and observations.There are two main ways of processing descriptive evaluation data that is finding contingencies among antecedents, transactions, and results and finding the comformity between inten and observation that can be seen in the following figure:
Stufflebeam and Coryn (
The study was conducted using evaluation method. The evaluation method is designed to make decisions about effectiveness, efficiency, and suitability of interventions and management of policy implementation that has been implemented. The use of evaluation methods in research on the implementation of policies on structuring and equalization of civil servant teachers is based on the understanding of Stufflebeam and Coryn (
The evaluation model used in this research is Stake's Countenance Evaluation Model.This model distinguishes three phases of policy evaluation, ie antecedents, transactions, and outcomes.Related to this research the antecendents phase describes the initial conditions of policy implementation that include: the background of need for teachers, policy objectives and targets, the foundation of the policy, and the readiness of institutions implementing the policy. The transactions phase will describe the execution process of policy implementation which includes:planning, organizing policy implementers, mechanisms of activities implementation,and monitoring the implementation of policies. Outcomes phase describes the results obtained through policy implementation that includes: the fulfillment of needs and equalization of teachers and the improvement of teacher performance and competence.
In general, the design of the Stake's Countenance Model evaluation used in this study is presented in the following figure:
Based on evaluation design, Implementation of the Policy of Structuring and Equalization of civil servant teachers of public SMU and SMK in Banda Aceh City used the Stake's Countenance Model as presented in the Figure above.
Result
Initial Condition Evaluation Result (
Based on the above table and paying attention to the need for teachers on each subject, in the 2012/2013 school year in Banda Aceh City there were excess of 69 teachers and shortage of as many as 150 teachers. The data shows that the fulfillment of the needs for teachers of public SMA and SMK on each subject is not evenly distributed. The comparison of the number of excess and shortages of public SMA and SMK teachers in Banda Aceh showed that the most excess teachers areat public SMA 7, reaching 11 teachers. While the most shortage of teachers happens at public SMK 2, reaching 20 teachers.
Evaluation Result of Implementation Process (
Planning in theEducation Office of the province of Aceh is designed to determine the steps that need to be done by the facilitators of the policy before the policy implementation activities are carried out. Evaluation to policy implementation planningis conducted through an assessment to the planning of the activity program and the implementation of policy dissemination conducted by related agencies; in this case, planning by the Education Office of the province of Aceh is done at the level of Education Officearranged in the form of work program, atSMA dan SMK section heads in the form of activity schedule, at the school level it is set forth in the form of needs analysis. The Education Office of the province of Acehconducts socialization at the education office and at each public SMA and SMK of Banda Aceh in order to improve the understanding of the content of the policy of structuring and equity of teachers although the achievement has not met the expected criteria due to the implementation which has not been maximized.
In organizing, the Education Office and the schools create the structure to support the smooth implementation, to set, to classifyand to organize various clear and coordinated activities. The evaluation of organizing policy facilitators is done through assessing the organizational structure of policy facilitators and coordination among the competent elements of policy facilitators, policy executors at the The Education Office of the province of Acehlevel do not form a specific organizational structure. While the responsibility in the implementation ofstructuring and equlization of teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Banda Aceh isthe responsibilities of related Division Heads. In organizing, the facilitators are integrated in organization and work procedures of The Education Office of the province of Aceh,which is set forth in the organizational structure although not specifically formed, and coordination is done following the existing organizational structure in this case not specifically formed, the achievement level of the coordination process of the category in this case is still relatively low. The responsibility of the facilitators at the Education Office of the province of Acehis delegated to the related Division Heads. Vertical coordination is done among schools with Division Heads of SMA, SMK, GTK (
The mechanisms for implementing policy activities are well established for the sake of the policy implementation. Evaluation of documents on the mechanism of activity implementation is conducted through assessment of the analysis implementation of need for teachers according to the subjects in each public SMA and SMK of Banda Aceh, procedures for the activity implementation of structuring and equity policy of civil servant teachers.The results of the document analysis is still a constraintdue to the excess and shortages of teachers at public SMA dan SMK in Banda Aceh.
Implementation of monitoring conducted by the Education Office of the province of Acehis based on structure and authority delegation. In this case the monitoring is only carried out by the supervisors of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh, which is intended to provide information about the causes and effects of a policy being implemented. Monitoring the implementation of the policy is done with the aim that the policy goes according to the desired expectations. Evaluation of monitoring is focused on the assesment of activities in the implementation of monitoring as well as assessing the course of the coaching and supervision process,which is done in the implementation of the teacher structuring and equilizationpolicy. Monitoring activities are carried out by the Education Office of the province of Acehat public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh, in this case the only assigned supervisors of the schooland there has been no feedback on monitoring results to improve the policy process of teacher structuring and equilization. Coaching and supervision of policy implementation has not been properly programmedin this case the coaching has not been able to solve the problems faced in the implementation of the teacher structuring and equilization policy at public SMA and SMK Banda Aceh.
Hasil Evaluasi (
The Fulfillment of the Needs and Equalization of Teachers
At the Education Office of the province of Aceh,the increase in teachers' competency has not shown maximum results; it is shown from the UKG (Teachers’ Competency Test) results thatthere are still many teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh whose scores are below standard. From these results, the Education Office improves teachers' competency in the hope that it can meet the needs for teachers.The implementation of the structuring and equilization policy of civil servants teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh of theprovince of Aceh is expected to have an impact on teachers' performance improvement, at least the improvement is able to give impact to the fulfillment of teaching hours load that has been set at least 24 hours per week. On that basis, the documentation evaluation on teachers' competency improvement is done through assessment that is expected to have the skills, experience, sincerity, competence, motivation and responsibility based on each subject. The Implementation of the structuring and equilization policy of teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Acehhas not had an optimal impact on the fulfillment of teacher working hours of at least 24 hours per week.This is because there are still a lot of teachers' workload that has not been met and these teachers belong to those with assessment of the low category. The same goes with the teachers’ competency;the implementation of structuring and equalization policy of teachers has not given optimal impact on the improvement of teachers' competence through the fulfillment of workloadas well as the fulfillment of academic qualifications. This is indicated by the low scores of UKG in Banda Aceh,the province of Aceh.
Furthermore, in line with the evaluation results, Araral Jr. (
According to Smith dan Larimer (
Based on the above opinion, the policy implementation is stages in the policy process in which the policy is enforced by a responsible bureaucracy. Thus, the implementation is a stage in the policy cycle in which there is a relationship between policy makers and policy targets, mediated by implementing institutions. The capacity of implementing institutions to carry out mediation needs to be supported by a number of resourcesincluding the duties and authorities of the policy executors themselves.
Implementation Transactions (
Evaluation to the transaction component (process) of structuring and equilization policy of civil servant teachers at public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh of the province of Aceh is carried out on four aspects of planning, organizing policy executors, mechanisms of activity implementation, and monitoring the implementation of policies.The evaluation results show that the planning has not been implemented optimally, not yet in accordance with the expected planning mechanism. The planning process has been initiated through socialization activities that have been implemented at every management level. However, planning for policy implementation is not done formally in the form of operational activities planning. Planning done tends to be spontaneous, only referring to the existing technical guidance.
The implementation of policy socialization should be tailored to the concept of stakeholder management as one of the themes in program or policy management.In Project Management Institute (
Viewed from the management in general, planning is the first step that must be done before an activity is implemented. According to Phillips and Gully (2011
In the execution, the implementation planning of structuring and equilization policy of civil servants teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh of the province of Aceh is not done formally in the form of work programs. Planning is only done by following the stages specified in technical guidance. The planning process is done by the Education Office of the province of Acehby delivering instructions to Division Heads and Section Heads to develop an analysis of the needs for teachers, the excess and shortage of teachers.
Based on the evaluation on the aspect of the executors’ organizing,it is seen that the implementation of structuring and equity policy of teachers has been implemented in a structured manner involving the central government, provincial government, district/city government, and education unit. The authority and duties of each partyhave been strictly regulated in the Five Ministerial Joint Regulations as well as in technical guidelines.
Organizing the executors of the structuring and equalization policy of teachers is integrated in the organization and working procedures of the Education Office of the province of Aceh.Its implementation does not create an organizational structure that deals specifically in implementing the structuring and equalization policy of the teachers. However, this is quite effective because the availability of organizational structure supports the implementation of coordination between elements, which is related to the implementation of the structuring and structuring policy of civil servant teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh of the province of Aceh.
Furthermore, according to Daft (
Implementation Outcomes (
Evaluation on the components of implementation outcomes (results) of structuring and equalization policy of civil servants teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh is carried out toward two aspects, namely the aspect of the fulfillmet of needs for teachers and teachers equilizationas well as that of teachers' performance and competency improvement.Based on the evaluation to the fulfillment of needs for teachers and equilization of teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh,it appears that the implementation of the policy has given results.Although the results are not maximized as expected, it has shown the fulfillment of needs for teachers both in quality and quantity. Through data collection and redistribution, the shortcoming and excess of teachers cannot be overcome thoroughly. The implementation of this policy has provided solutions to meet the needs for teachers. Nevertheless, it has not yet completely resolved the problem of teacher's shortcoming and excess.There are still some schools experience the excess and shortage of teachers in almost every subject.
The expectation from outcomes of structuring and equilization policy of teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh of the province of Acehis that it can improve the competence and performance of teachers better, although the implementation of structuring andequalization policy of teachers is only able to overcome the problem of the shortage of teaching hours that must be carried out by the teachers. According to Stake (
Based on the above description, the results of this study show empirical evidence that preliminary conditions of a policy do not guarantee the success of the policy without the support of a good implementation process.Outcomes or results that are not optimal can be caused byweaknesses in the implementation process of structuring and equilization policy of civil servant teachers. The facts show that the implementation of the structuring and equilization policy of teachers at public SMA and SMK in Banda Acehhas been supported by a good initial condition(antecedent). However, the implementation process (transaction) that includes planning, mechanism of activities implementation, and implementation monitoring has not been implemented optimally. Therefore, the results achieved have not met the expectations.
Conclusions
The results of Antecedent Evaluation namely the initial condition of thestructuring and equilization policy of civil servant teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh, the province of Aceh is in accordance with the expected conditions.This is shown by: (
The results of TransactionEvaluation, namely the implementation process of the structuring and equilization policy of civil servant teachers of public SMA and SMK in Banda Aceh City of the province of Aceh is not as it should be. This is shown by: (
The results of the OutcomeEvaluation,namely policy implementation, has not yet given impacts as expected. This is shown by: (
The central government should be more directed in order to be able to give a real impact on the fulfillment of the needs for teachers according to the real needs of each school. In addition, the policy set should be able to be a solutionover the condition of teacher excess and shortcoming and uneven distribution of teachers.
The Education Office of the province of Acehis expected to increase the intensity of coaching and supervisionthrough monitoring and evaluation activities to the implementation of technical policy implementation. Monitoring and evaluation process can be done by empowering school inspectors through the delivery of special tasksor by forming the Monev Team who are specifically tasked with monitoring activities related to the implementation ofthe structuring and equilization policy of civil servant teachers at each public SMA and SMK. As a supporting device, an instrument for clear monitoring and evaluation should be established.
The school principal is expected to be able to arrange activity planning earlier before the new school year beginsto avoid delays in the process of meeting the needs for teachers. The principals of public SMA and SMK in Banda Acehcan make an analysis of need for teachers on a quarterly basis in monthly reports and periodic reports in every academic year, and then submit it to the Education Office of the province of Aceh. Related to planning, the principals need to coordinate among schools when they will transfer and/or give assignments to teachers at other schools such as finding an extra hour at another school.