At the global financial market, there operate two financial systems which are the conventional banking system and the Islamic banking system. The conventional banking system is otherwise known as interest based banking system. This is because under the conventional banking system, banks receive deposits from savers and lend same to borrowers at interest; a small portion of the interest is used to compensate the depositor while a larger portion is used by the banks. On the contrary Is lamic banking system is otherwise known as Non- interest banking or profit and loss sharing (PLS) banking system. This is because this form of banking system prohibits the payment of interest in all ramifications and then adopts the principle of profit and loss sharing. Thus Islamic banking is defined as a form of banking which is consistent with the principles of Islamic commercial jurisprudence and its application through the development of Islamic economics.
The fundamental principles of Islamic commercial jurisprudence (Non -Interest banking) includes the following: The prohibition of interest (
Furthermore, Islamic banking adopts the principle of profit and loss sharing. Under this principle both the investor (provider of capital) and the entrepreneur (Islamic bank) are seen as partners, thus when profit or losses are made, same is shared according to the formular that reflects their level of financial participation. Unlike the conventional interest based banks whose relationship with their customer is that of creditor and borrower, where interest is fixed in advance and risk or loss is only incurred by the borrower. Finally Islamic banking encourages asset banking as such most financial transactions are tied to tangible assets l ike real estate investment or investment on goal. The rationale behind this idea is based on the fact that, this form of asset usually appreciates overtime and do not depreciate.
Furthermore, the recent global financial crisis 2004-2005 which has affect ed most of the biggest economy of the world practicing conventional interest based banking is a clear indication of its ineffectiveness. This is because despite the effect of the global financial crisis that affected most financial institutions all over the world, Islamic financial institutions were marginally or not affected, rather Islamic banking institutions increased their reserves as well as attracting new clients.
Consequent upon the aforementioned flows of conventional banking system, the Federal Government of Nigeria through the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) being the highest regulatory body in the Nigerian banking sector decided to join the race like its counterparts in United Kingdom, USA, Australia, Malaysia an d South Africa to dualize the Nigerian banking sector by granting license to banks to offer non-interest financial services, either full-fledge or its subsidiary. The rationale behind this decision by CBN was to expand the Nigerian capital markets for emerging economics, propel economic development, create more employment opportunities, make the Nigerian banking sector more competitive, poverty alleviation and reduce the effect of credit crunch in the real sector.
In line with the above decision of the CBN to dualize the Nigerian banking sector, approval was granted to the then Habid Bank Plc in 1992 to open a non-interest banking window offering a limited number of
However, the introduction of Islamic banking system into the Nigerian banking Sector has generated a lot of c onstitutional controversies among Nigerians. These controversies seem to question the legality of the introduction of the Islamic banking system in Nigeria as well as whether or not the introduction of Islamic Banking would not undermine the secularity of Nigeria as enshr ined in section 10 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria; whether or not the introduction of Islamic Banking is a political strategy to Islamize Nigeria. Against this backdrop, this work will critically examine the constitutional issues raised above with a view to resolving them and to make appropriate recommendations.
Although much was not heard about the controversy over non-interest banking in Nigeria, despite the initial license (approval in principle) granted to Jaiz Bank Plc to operate as a non- interest or profit and loss sharing bank since 2004.
However, the above move by the a pex Bank to dualize the Nigerian banking sector did not go down well with certain group in the country especially Non-Muslim group. This group perceived the action of the CBN as a way of promot ing Islamic religion in the country. Consequently, the group raised the following pertinent questions about Islamic banking. The group questioned the constitutionality of Islamic Banking in Nigeria since there was no provision in our constitution legitimizing it in Nigeria; they further alleged that the introduction of Islamic banking would undermine the secularity of Nigeria as contained in section 10 of the 1999 constitution; they also alleged the possibility of discrimination of non-Muslims in the practice of Islamic banking and finally the view non-interest banking as a means of Islamizing the contrary. On the other hand the protagonist of Islamic banking tenaciously held that Islamic banking is indeed constitutional because it is provided for in our banking legal framework. Consequently, the y described the argument of the antagonist as inclination to religious sentiments at the expense of national development, objectivism and intellectual liberalism among others.
The antagonist of non-interest banking premised their arguments against Islamic banking on the following issues:
The antagonist holds that, there is no provision(s) in the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria authorizing the practice of non-interest banking in Nigeria, thus the practice is illegal, unconstitutional and void by virtue of section 1 of the 1999 constitution.
Moreover, the antagonist alleged fear of possible discrimination against Non-Muslim in the services of Islamic banks in the country because Non-Muslim would become a minority group in this banking model as well as the believe that the introduction of Islamic Banking by the then CBN Governor (Sanusi Lamido) is a plo y to Islamize Nigeria as a country
The protagonist of non-interest banking maintains that the introduction of Islamic banking into the Nigeria banking sector is lawful and appropriate. According to them non-interest banking or profit and loss sharing banking was overtly provided for by virtue of section 23(2) and section 66 of BOFIA 1991 as amended. According to this school of thought BOFIA is the principal banking le gislation that regulates banks and other financial institutions in Nigeria. The protagonist further held that non-interest banking/profit and loss sharing banking is f urther provided for in section 1 of the Guidelines for the Regulation and supervision of Non-Interest banking in Nigeria of 2011.
On the alleged discrimination of Non-Musli ms, the protagonist held that currently Islamic banking is a global banking system practice across the globe, as such the contemporary practice of Islamic banking world over shows that this banking model render services to all category of customer ’ s regardless of their religious inclination. As such it is not meant to Islamize Nigeria as a country because you need not be a Muslim before you can contract with Jaiz bank plc in Nigeria
After a critical review of the argument s of the antagonist and the protagonist of non-interest banking, an objective analysis of the above arguments is pertinent in order to resolve the fundamental issues raised by both sides. Against this backdrop the following germane issues would be addressed:
2.3.1. Whether it is Constitutional for the Central Bank to License Non -Interest or Profit and L oss sharing banking in Nigeria
The term constitutionality is derived from the word constitution and constitutional. The term constitution has been defined in the case of
Consequent upon the above, it must be pointed out that, there is no place in the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria where there is a provision made for Islamic banking or any other banking model in Nigeria to be practiced. This is because the constitution cannot pretend of being capable of making provisions for all laws that need to be
“
Based on the above provision, when a law is made before the constitution came into force, the validity of such law(s) is co-opted into the constitution and are referred to as existing laws
On the strength of the above argument, the protagonist of non-interest banking / profit and loss sharing ba nking in Nigeria tenaciously hel d that the legal foundation of Islamic banking was provided for in section 23(1) of the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) which states as follows:
“Every bank shall display at its offices it lending and deposit interest rates and shall render to the b ank information on such rates as may be specified from time to time to the Bank
The implication of the above is that, through section 23(1) of BOFIA, non-interest banks or profit and loss sharing banks in Nigeria are exempted from the mandatory requirement of displaying their interest rate and rendering such information to the apex bank.
Furthermore, section 66 of BOFIA further lay to rest what profit and loss sharing banks are when it states as follows:
The implication of the above section is that profit and loss sharing banks in Nigeria are recognized as a type of bank that is permitted to carry on banking business in the country.
In the same vein, Islamic banking or profit and loss sharing bankin g is provided for in section 1 of the Guidelines for the Regulation and Supervision of Institutions Offering Non-Interest Financial Services in Nigeria
“ The Central Bank of Nigeria, (CBN) New Banking Model authorizes the establishment of the following banking structures as defined under the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) 1991 as amended:
(i) Commercial Banks;
(ii) Merchant Banks; and
(iii) Specialized Banks.
Specialized Banks include non-interest banks, microfinance banks, development banks; mortgage banks and such other banks as may be designated by the CBN from time to time ”.
The above section further classified Non- interest banking into two categories :
I. Non-interest banking and finance based on Islamic commercial jurisprudence;
II. Non-interest banking and finance based on any other established non-interest
principle.
In the same vein, the above section explained that Islamic banking is one of the models of non-interest banking, it serves the same purpose of providing financial services as do conventional financial institutions save that it operates in accordance with principles and rules of Islamic commercial jurisprudence that generally recognizes profit and loss sharing and the prohibition of interest, as a model.
The implication of section 1 of the Guidelines for the Regulation and Supervision of Institutions Offering Non-Interest Financial Services in Nigeria is that the CBN has approved Non-Interest banking system as one of the banking systems that can operate in the Nigerian banking sector. Moreover, the power of the CBN governor to make guidelines, regulations is adequately provided for by virtue of section 57 of BOFIA which states
“ ( 1) The Governor may make regulations, publish in the Federal Gazette to give full effect to the object and objectives of this Act
(2) without prejudice to the provisions of subsection (1) of this section; the Governor may make rules and regulations for the operations and control of all institutions under its supervision”.
Also, the move by the CBN in designating non-interest banks as one of the specialized banks in Nigeria is predicted on its powers as contained in section 66 of BOFIA which defines specialized banks to include Nigeria industrial development banks, Nigerian Agr icultural Cooperative bank etc and such banks as may be designated from time to time by the CBN.
Consequent upon the above cited sections of the 1999 constitution and BOFIA, it is our considered opinion to state that it is the Nigerian law makers who had authorized and legitimized the practice of profit and loss sharing banking otherwise known as Islamic or non-interest banking like other advanced nations, into the Nigerian banking section. It is also important to note that the only overtly known non-interest banking in the world today is Islamic banking
2.3.2 Whether by virtue of section 10 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN) as amended, the licensing of non- interest banking tends to undermine the secular status of Nigeria?
In addressing the above issue, the first question to be addressed is the meaning of secularism, secularity and what a secular state is. This is pertinent because the debate on the aforementioned issue revolves round the understanding or misunderstanding of the above concepts. Consequently, the term secularism had been defined as an ideology which believes that religion should not be involved in the organization of a society, education etc
On the other hand, secularity is defined as the attitude of neutrality and indifference to religion and religious consideration
“Neither a state nor the federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass a law which aid one religion nor prefer one religion or another. Neither can force or influence a person to go to or to remain away from church against his will or force him to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion”.
Resulting from the above ruling, secularity is a concept that advocates for the neutrality of a state on religious matter. It is pertinent to note that to guarantee the secularity principle of any state the right to freedom of religion has to be guarantee. According to the case of
In the same vein, secular ity has been defined by The New
“The government of the federation or state shall not adopt any religion as state religion”
Based on the above exposition, it is our considered opinion that secularism connotes the ideology that religion should be completely abandoned and should not be the basis of political leadership is not what is desired in a secular state like Nigeria which is an ethno - religious and pluralistic society. Rather it is the principle of secularity which adopts neutrality in religious issues because of the diversity in religion and culture, among the various states that make up the federation. Thus secularity would be viewed as a principle which is aimed at encouraging peaceful co-existence among citizen of a nation professing various religions. Resulting from the above, secularity is therefore a principle that guard against anarchy and conflict in a pluralistic nation like Nigeria irrespective of the percentage that practice the minority religion(s) in the state. This is because the conscience and freedom of the minorities in a pluralistic nation like Nigeria are as important as those of the majority and vice versa
On the s trength of the above analysis we wish to state that the licensing of non-interest banking by the CBN as an alternative form of banking system which is practice alongside the conventional banking system has not in any way amounted to adoption of Islam as a state religion as contained in section 10 of the 1999 CFRN as amended or undermined the secularity of Nigeria. This is because the CBN in licensing non-interest banking in Nigeria, specifically categorized non-interest banking models into non-interest financial products and services based on principles of Islamic commercial jurisprudence and others which are based on any other established rules and principle The implication of the above is that, CBN has not restricted the license to only non-interest banking which is Shariah compliant, but there is opportunity for licensing other banks who may be interested in practicing non-interest banking that may be Christian compliant or even African traditional religious compliant as the case may be. Thus CBN cannot be accused of favouring only one religion at the expense of others.
Right from 1992 when approval was given by the CBN for the operation of non-interest banking window in Nigeria there had been apprehension as to whether or not non-interest bank would give equal opportunity to Non-Muslims and Muslims customers in the course of discharging their services to the public. In addressing the above issue, it is pertinent to state that, non-interest banking which is Shariah compliant is a product of Islamic law called Shariah. Shariah is divided into three essential groups which includes
Supporting this line of reasoning, there is evidence that Prophet Mohammed during his life time engaged in trading with a Jewish merchant who was a non-Muslim. As such during the demise of the Holy Prophet, his armour was found in the custody of a Jewish merchant. The Jewish merchant further explained that the Holy Prophet received a loan from him and placed his armour as collateral security. Consequent upon the fact that Islamic (non-interest) banking is rooted in Shariah principle as exemplified by the Holy Prophet, who despite the fact that he is a Muslim carried on commercial transactions with Non- Muslims (Christians Jew) there is no religious, mora l or legal basis for any perceived discrimination against Non- Muslims by Muslims in the course of practicing non -interest banking.
Furthermore, the Islamic banking being practice across the globe covering above 75 countries with a World Wide asset of above $822 billion making it the fastest growing segment of the global financial system
To further buttress the fact that Islamic banking operators are not too religious bias or discriminatory, the current CBN Governor, Mr. Godwin Emefiele who is a Christian was appointed recently by the International Islamic Liquidity Management Corporation (IILMC) which is an international Islamic organization responsible for ensuring the liquidity of Islamic banks as it chairman despite the fact that he (the CBN Governor) is a Christian. This appointment took place during its 17th governing Board meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia
However, in the event of any discrimination on non-Muslims in the discharge of the services of non-interest banking in Nigeria, the aggrieved party has a right to challenge this discrimination by virtue of the provisions of section 42(1) (a) of 1999 constitution which protect
Nigeria citizens against possible discrimination on grounds of religion, place of origin, sex etc.
It has been held by the antagonist of Islamic banking that, the introduction of non-interest banking in Nigeria is a ploy by Sanusi Lamido the then CBN Governor to Islamize the entire country. B ased on the above an objective analysis is pertinent.
First, it has been alleged that the idea and licensing of Islamic banking is the brain work of the then CBN Governor in the person of Mallam Lamido Sanusi which is aimed at Islamizing the entire country because he is a Muslim. However, this appears not to be the correct position of things because, approval for non-interest banking in Nigeria was given by the CBN in 1992 to Habib bank limited to open a banking window which is Shariah complaint in Nigeria. This was followed by the granting of license (approval in principle) to Jaiz Bank Plc in 2004, by the CBN under the leadership of Prof. Charles Soludo the then CBN governor, who is a Christian
Still on the issue of Islamization, it has been canvassed earlier that Islamic banking is a global form of banking practiced in above 75 countries of the world and in most advanced economies of the world
To further buttress the fact that Islamic banking is not a ploy to Islamize any country, the then pontiff of the Roman Catholic Faith, Pope Benedict xvi in 2009 was reported to have given his support to Islamic Banking and had further suggested to conventional banks to adopt the ethical principles that form the corner stone of Islamic finance in a bid to regain customer trust. The pope further advised conventional banks to look at the rules of Islamic finance to restore confidence in their banking system especially at a time of economic global crisis.
Although, the role of banks in the economic development of any given country cannot be over emphasized because they are considered as the main stay of every prosperous economy. This is because they serve as custodian of funds to many families, make funds available to many companies, as well as mobilizer of funds through savings in form of deposits and channeling same to productive investments in the economy
In order to achieve the vision of Nigerian being among the best twenty economies of the world in the year 2020 (vision 2020), the Central Bank of Nigeria being the apex bank decided to make the Nigerian financial system to be more competitive, through the dualization of the banking system, by licensing the operation of Islamic (non-interest) banking like its counterparts, in United Kingdom, United State of America, China, Malaysia, Australia etc. The fundamental aim of the CBN dualizing the banking system is to expand our capital market for emerging economics through the adoption of Sukku (Islamic bond), stimulate favourable competition within the financial system to enhance efficient services to customers, propel economic development, creation of employment, reduction of poverty among Nigerians, reduction of apathy among the non-banking public as well as cushion the effect of credit crunch in the real sector of the economy
Furthermore, it has been discovered in the course of this research that both the conventional and the non-interest (Islamic) banking system offer similar service as it relates to making of profit and collection of deposits from their clients
It has been further observed that conventional banking system is not a Christian banking system as canvassed by most scholars. This is because the major banking technique adopted by this banking system is payment of interest either by the bank or its customer depending on the nature of financial contract the bank or its customer enters into. However, the Holy Bible prohibits Christians from engaging in any usurious (Interest) based transactions. The above prohibition is found in Exodus 22:25, Leviticus 25:35-38 and Proverbs 19:17. Furthermore, the Holy Bible passed a death penalty on any Christian who participates in interest based transaction.(see. Ezekiel 18:13) Hence conventional banking is a capitalist banking model and not a Christian banking model as erroneously believed by many.
The licensing of non-interest banking into the Nigerian banking sector by the CBN is lawful and constitutional. This is because CBN only licensed the practice of a banking system that is provided for by our banking law as contained in sections 23 and 66 of BOFIA 1991 as amended and duly validated by section 315 of the 1999 constitution as amended.
However, t he legal regimes regulating banking practice in Nigeria are inadequate to effectively regulate non-interest banking in Nigeria. Hence, there is need for urgent review of our banking laws to create an enabling environment for non-interest banking to s trive well in our banking sector. Despite the various challenges and the inadequacies of the Nigerian banking laws, non-interest banking system
Finally, having established that both the Christian and the Islamic faith expressly prohibits interest based transactions by its members, and whereas the 1999 Constitution by virtue of section 38 (1) of the 1999 CFRN guarantees the right to freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion as well as freedom to manifest and propagate ones religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance, couple with the fact that section 16 (1) (d) of the 1999 CFRN protect the right of every citizen to engage in any economic activities outside the major sectors of the economy. We think it is a basic Fundamental Right, for Nigerian citizens ( both Muslims and Christians) to be given opportunity to carry out their economic activities in a manner conducive with their religious belief. Such opportunity would mean pro vision of a level playing field by the government in a pluralistic society like Nigeria where citizens should have various choice of how they conduct their business and the licensing of a financial system which would respect the religious sensibilities of its citizen. Hence the action by the CBN licensing dual banking with due respect to the antagonist of Non interest banking is properly conceived and constitutional
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A. Mirakhor and I. Zaidi Op cit at p. 49.
B. O. Fatai “ Can Islamic Banking Work in Nigeria? ” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa vol. 14 No. 2 (2012)
A. Mirakhor and I. Zaidi “Profit-and-loss sharing contracts in Islamic Finance ” in Hand Book of Islamic Banking (Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2007)
B. O. Fatai op.cit at pp. 27-28
U. T. Aburine “Islamic Banking: Theories, Practices and Insights for Nigeria”. I nternational Review of Business Research Papers. V ol. 5 No.1 2009, page 326
S. T. Tunji “ Islamic Banking as a panacea for economic instability in Nigeria ”. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian chapter) vol. 1, No. 3 (2012)
Daily Trust Newspaper of February 19, 2008
A. Bello and M. Abubakar “ Challenges and solutions to Islamic Banking System in a pluralistic – secular country like Nigeria ”. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science vol 5, No. 6 (2014)
IMF (2009)
A. N. Adedesi and N. Abdulazeez “ A case for Islamic Banking in Nigeria with some lessons from Malaysia ”. African Journal of Social Science vol 4 No. 4 (2014)
Draft framework for the regulation and supervision of non-interest banks in Nigeria. BSD/DIR/Gen/NIB/01/008 March 4, 2009.
CBN Act “ Central Bank of Nigerian Act 2007 ” in Federal Republic of Nigerian Official Gazette No. ss vol. 94. Government Notice No. 34 pp. A63-91
E. Eyieyie “ The Central Bank of Nigeria, Islamic Banking, The Law and Appropriate Regulation of Non-Interest Financial Regulation In Nigeria ”. E Combeh perspective of world affairs. Retrieved from http://ecomebah.com/index.php/articles/to-letters/7115-the-central-bank-of-Nigeria-Islamic-banking-the law and appropriate regulation of non-interest-financial-institution in Nigeria-v15-7115. Last accessed on 3 rd March, 2017 at 4:30pm
The punch (Nig) editorial, Monday 4 July 2011 available at www.punch ontheweb.com. last visited on 10 Oct. 2016.
Legal service department, CBN (2010)
A. Aminu and C. Nweze “ Islamic Banking: Sanusi stirs the hornest’s nest ” in the nation newspaper of Monday 4 th July 2011, available at http://www.thenation-lenenginet. Last accessed on 4 th September,2016.
A. Adeoyeldowu “ The Constitutional, Legal and ethno-religious controversies over Islamic Banking in Nigeria ”. University of Benin Law Journal 2010-2012 vol. 13 No. 1 at p. 12
Retrieved from http://www.punching.com/Article.Aspx?theartic=Art201107271152581. Last accessed on the 5 th of April, 2016 at 2:45am.
See section 23 and 61 of BOFIA 2004 as amended; and A. B. M. Oloyemi “ The legality of Islamic Banking in Nigeria: A critical approach ” available at http://ssrn.com/abstract = 1941010. Last accessed on the 4 th of March, 2017 at 1:30am
V. C. Oba “ Islamic Banking in Nigeria: Trend and Issues ” available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2166538. Last accessed on the 3 rd of Feb., 2017 at 4:20am.
Ibid at p. 2
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